一、常用的集合方法
1.可遍历集合的常用方法
下表列出了Traverable在所有集合常用的方法。接下来的符号：
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c代表一个集合
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f代表一个函数
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p代表一个谓词
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n代表一个数字
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op代表一个简单的操作(通常是一个简单的函数)
2.可变的集合方法
下表里的是可变集合常用的操作符：
3.不可变的集合方法
注意不可变集合不可被修改，所以在第一行的每个表达式的结果必须赋给一个新变量。
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| c1 ++ c2 | 把c2集合的元素附加到c1里创造一个新的集合 |
scala> val c1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)c1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> val c2 = Vector(6,7,8)c2: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(6, 7, 8)scala> c1 ++ c2res35: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| c :+ e | 返回把元素e附加到集合c的新集合 |
scala> val v1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)c1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> val e = 10e: Int = 10scala> v1 :+ eres38: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| e +: c2 | 返回一个把元素e前插到集合c的新集合 |
scala> val v1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)c1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> val e = 10e: Int = 10scala> e +: v1res39: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| e :: list | 返回一个把e前插到名为list列表的集合(::只在List集合上用) |
scala> val list = List(7,8,9)list: List[Int] = List(7, 8, 9)scala> val e = 10e: Int = 10scala> e :: listres75: List[Int] = List(10, 7, 8, 9)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| c drop n | 把c2集合的元素附加到c1里创造一个新的集合 |
scala> val v1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)v1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> val n = 3n: Int = 3scala> v1 drop nres1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(4, 5)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| c1 take n | 把集合的前两个元素列出来 |
scala> val c1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)c1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> c1 take 2res82: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2)
4.可变和不可变的map的常用方法
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m代表一个不可变map
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mm代表一个可变的map
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k代表一个键
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v代表一个值
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p代表一个谓词
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c代表一个集合
如果是var修饰，引用可变，支持读写。
如果是val修饰，引用不可变，支持读写。| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m - k | 返回删除key(以及相应的value的值)后的map |
scala> val v1 = Vector(1,2,3,4,5)v1: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)scala> val map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c)scala> map - 1res5: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(2 -> b, 3 -> c)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m - (k1,k2,k3) | 返回删除k1,k2,k3后的map |
scala> val map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d",5 -> "e",6 -> "f")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(5 -> e, 1 -> a, 6 -> f, 2-> b, 3 -> c, 4 -> d)scala> map - (1,3,5)res6: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(6 -> f, 2 -> b, 4 -> d)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m -- c | 返回删除key后的map，c是指集合 |
scala> val map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d",5 -> "e",6 -> "f")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(5 -> e, 1 -> a, 6 -> f, 2-> b, 3 -> c, 4 -> d)scala> val c = Vector(1,3,5)c: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 3, 5)scala> map -- cres7: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(6 -> f, 2 -> b, 4 -> d)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m -- List(k1,k2) | 返回删除key后的map |
1scala> val map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d",5 -> "e",6 -> "f")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(5 -> e, 1 -> a, 6 -> f, 2-> b, 3 -> c, 4 -> d)scala> val list = List(1,3,5)list: List[Int] = List(1, 3, 5)scala> map -- listres8: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(6 -> f, 2 -> b, 4 -> d)2scala> val map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d",5 -> "e",6 -> "f")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(5 -> e, 1 -> a, 6 -> f, 2-> b, 3 -> c, 4 -> d)scala> map -- List(1,2,3)res9: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(5 -> e, 6 -> f, 4 -> d)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m(k) | 返回k的value |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> 1,2 -> 2,3 -> 3,4 -> 4)map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,Int] = Map(1 -> 1, 2 -> 2, 3 -> 3, 4 ->4)scala> map(2)res34: Int = 2
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m contains k | 如果map包含k则返回true |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> 1,2 -> 2,3 -> 3,4 -> 4)map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,Int] = Map(1 -> 1, 2 -> 2, 3 -> 3, 4 ->4)scala> map contains 3res36: Boolean = true
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m get k | 如果k存在返回Some[A]作为key的值，否则None |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map get 2res44: Option[String] = Some(b)scala> map get 5res45: Option[String] = None
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m getOrElse(k,d) | 如果k找到的话，返回k的值，否则返回默认值d |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map getOrElse(2,"hello")res46: String = bscala> map getOrElse(5,"hello")res47: String = hello
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m isDefinedAt k | 如果map包含k则返回true |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map isDefinedAt 2res48: Boolean = truescala> map isDefinedAt 5res49: Boolean = false
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m keys | 把map中的keys作为Iterable返回 |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map keyswarning: there was one feature warning; re-run with -feature for detailsres50: Iterable[Int] = Set(1, 2, 3, 4)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m keySet | 把map中的keys作为Set返回 |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map keySetwarning: there was one feature warning; re-run with -feature for detailsres54: scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int] = Set(1, 2, 3, 4)
| 操作符 | 描述 |
| m values | 把map中的value作为Iterable返回 |
scala> var map = Map(1 -> "a",2 -> "b",3 -> "c",4 -> "d")map: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c, 4-> d)scala> map valueswarning: there was one feature warning; re-run with -feature for detailsres56: Iterable[String] = MapLike(a, b, c, d)
二、在创建集合时声明一个类型
想要创建一个混合型的集合，scala不会自动分配想要的类型。
创建一个手动的集合如下：
scala> trait Animaldefined trait Animalscala> trait FurryAnimal extends Animaldefined trait FurryAnimalscala> case class Dog(name: String) extends Animaldefined class Dogscala> case class Cat(name: String) extends Animaldefined class Catscala> val x = Array(Dog("Fido"),Cat("Felix"))x: Array[Product with Serializable with Animal] = Array(Dog(Fido), Cat(Felix)) 如上所示，scala给product指定了Serializable和Animal类型。如果想要一个Array[Animal],手动需要指定类型：
scala> val x = Array[Animal](Dog("Fido"),Cat("Felix"))x: Array[Animal] = Array(Dog(Fido), Cat(Felix)) 三、可变变量集合与不可变量集合
但把一个不可变的Vector赋给一个可变的var时，似乎可以给它添加元素。
scala> var sisters = Vector("Melinda")sisters: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[String] = Vector(Melinda)scala> sisters = sisters :+ "Melissa"sisters: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[String] = Vector(Melinda, Melissa)scala> sisters = sisters :+ "Marisa"sisters: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[String] = Vector(Melinda, Melissa, Marisa)scala> sisters.foreach(println)MelindaMelissaMarisa 尽管你看起来改变了一个不可改变的集合，但实际上是每次用:+方法时sisters变量会指向一个新的集合。sisters变量是可变的，所以每次执行时相当于重新赋值一个新的集合。
总结：
- 一个可变的变量var可以被赋予一个新的数据。
- 一个不可变的变量val就如java中的final变量，不可能被重新赋值。
- 在可变集合的元素中可以被改变（ArrayBuffer）。
- 在不可被改变的集合元素中不可被改变（Vector）。